11/23/2023 0 Comments Immigration sophistry smart notesBorder controls were in place to ensure that only people who paid their zakah (for Muslims) or jizya (for dhimmis) taxes could travel freely between different regions of the Caliphate thus, the bara'a receipt was a "basic passport". In the medieval Islamic Caliphate, a form of passport was the bara'a, a receipt for taxes paid. Even children needed passports, but those of one year or less who were in their mother's care may not have needed them. These passports ( zhuan) determined a person's ability to move throughout imperial counties and through points of control. They required such details as age, height, and bodily features. Passports resembling those issued today were an important part of the Chinese bureaucracy as early as the Western Han (202 BCE-220 CE), if not in the Qin Dynasty. 'Superintendent of Seals') who must issue sealed passes before a person could enter or leave the countryside. Chapter 34 of the Second Book of Arthashastra concerns with the duties of the Mudrādhyakṣa ( lit. 3rd century BCE) makes mention of passes issued at the rate of one masha per pass to enter and exit the country. In Asia, the existence of border controls is evidenced in classical texts. The concept of border controls has its origins in antiquity. From Hermopolis Magna, Egypt Chinese passport from the Qing Dynasty, 24th Year of the Guangxu Reign, 1898 Arabic papyrus with an exit permit, dated 24 January 722 AD, pointing to the regulation of travel activities. In medieval Europe, for example, the boundaries between rival countries and centres of power were largely symbolic or consisted of amorphous borderlands, 'marches', and 'debatable lands' of indeterminate or contested status and the real 'borders' consisted of the fortified walls that surrounded towns and cities, where the authorities could exclude undesirable or incompatible people at the gates, from vagrants, beggars and the 'wandering poor', to 'masterless women', lepers, Romani, or Jews. States and rulers have always regarded the ability to determine who enters or remains in their territories as a key test of their sovereignty, but prior to World War I, border controls were only sporadically implemented. History The purpose of the Great Wall of China was to stop the "barbarians" from crossing the northern border of China. Border controls in the 21st century are tightly intertwined with intricate systems of travel documents, visas, and increasingly complex policies that vary between countries. While some borders (including most states' internal borders and international borders within the Schengen Area) are open and completely unguarded, others (including the vast majority of borders between countries as well as some internal borders) are subject to some degree of control and may be crossed legally only at designated checkpoints. While border control is typically associated with international borders, it also encompasses controls imposed on internal borders within a single state.īorder control measures serve a variety of purposes, ranging from enforcing customs, sanitary and phytosanitary, or biosecurity regulations to restricting migration. Different categories of borders have varying features and levels of securityīorder control refers to measures taken by governments to monitor and regulate the movement of people, animals, and goods across land, air, and maritime borders.
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